http://cafe.naver.com/kinder67.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=1748&
고대 그리스 시대 이후로 언어는 명사와 동사, 주격과 목적격, 또는 현재와 과거시제와 같은 문법적
범주를 따라 조직되는 경향이 있다고 이해되어졌다. 언어의 어휘와 문법은 이러한 기초적인 범주
범위에서 조직된다.
It has been understood since the time of the ancient Greeks that languages tend to be organized
around grammatical categories such as noun and verb, nominative and accusative, or present and past.
The vocabulary and grammar of a language are organized around these fundamental categories.
분리된 범주의 본질적인 사용과 더불어, 언어는 되풀이되는 구조속에 요소들을 조직하는 중요한 특성을 갖고 있다;
이것은, 예를 들어, 명사구가 특정한 다른 명사구를 포함하는 것 (예: 침팬지의 입술), 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한 절이 한 절(나는
비가 내린다고 생각한다)을 포함하도록 허락한다. 문법에 있어 반복(recursion)이 암묵적으로 보다 더 용이한 것으로
인정되기는 했지만, 언어의 이런 국면의 중요성은 1957년 Noam Chomsky의 책<
후에야 비로소 완전히 인식되었다. 이 책은 영어 틀의 형식적 문법을 소개했다. 이 책에 앞서, 언어학적 체계의 가장
상세한 기술은 음성학적 혹은 형태학적 체계에 관한 것으로, 막히고 창조성을 거의 인정하지 않는 경향이 있다.
In addition to making substantial use of discrete categories, language has the important property that
it organizes elements into recursive structures; this allows, for example, a noun phrase to contain
another noun phrase (as in the chimpanzee's lips) or a clause to contain a clause (as in I think that
it's raining). Though recursion in grammar was implicitly recognized much earlier (for example by Jespersen),
the importance of this aspect of language was only fully realized after the 1957 publication of Noam Chomsky's
book Syntactic Structures, which presented a formal grammar of a fragment of English. Prior to this, the most
detailed descriptions of linguistic systems were of phonological or morphological systems, which tend to be
closed and admit little creativity.
Chomsky는 변형(transformation)으로 인해 확장된(augmented) 문맥 자유 문법(context-free grammar)을 사용했다.
그 이후에, 문맥 자유 문법은 다양한 언어의 본질적 틀로 쓰여졌는데(예를 들어 GPSG¹, 영어), 그러나 인간 언어가,
맥락 자유 문법에 의해 충분히 다루어질 수 없는, 통합 의존 문법(cross-serial dependency)을 포함하고 있다는 것이
증명되었다. 이것은 힘, 예를 들어 변형(transformation)을 요구한다.
Chomsky used a context-free grammar augmented with transformations. Since then, context-free grammars have been
written for substantial fragments of various languages (for example GPSG, for English), but it has been demonstrated
that human languages include cross-serial dependencies, which cannot be handled adequately by Context-free grammars.
This requires increased power, for example transformations.
통합 의존 문법을 포함하는 자연언어절의 사례로는 네덜란드어가 있다.
An example of a natural-language clause involving a cross-serial dependency is the Dutch
Ik denk dat Jan Piet de kinderen zag helpen zwemmen
I think that Jan Piet the children saw help swim
'I think that Jan saw Piet help the children swim'
가장 중요한 점은 동사 자음결합(cluster) 앞에 명사구가 왼쪽-오른쪽 순으로 동사 자음결합내에 동사와 일치된다는 것이다.
The important point is that the noun phrases before the verb cluster (Jan, Piet, de kinderen) are identified with
the verbs in the verb cluster (zag, helpen, zwemmen) in left-right order.
이것은 자연언어(natural language)가 생성력 있는 능력을 위해 상대적으로 힘을 지녀야만 한다는 뜻이다. 최근에 사용되는
문법 모델들은 상당히 강력한데, 일반적으로 원칙에 있어 컴퓨터상으로 다루기 쉬울 만큼 너무나 강력하다. 이러한 모델들의
실행은 비율에 따라 감소된다.
This means that natural language formalisms must be relatively powerful in terms of generative capacity. The models
currently used (LFG, HPSG, Minimalism) are very powerful, in general too powerful to be computationally tractable in
principle. Implementations of them are scaled down.
¹ Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_communication