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언어학(linguistics)과 컴퓨터 과학(computer science)에서, 문맥 자유

문법은 모든 생산 법칙이 V → w 의 형태를 취하는 형식적 문법이다.

이때 V는 비종단 기호(nonterminal symbol)이며, w는 종단과/이나

비종단으로 구성된 문자열(string)이다. "문맥 자유"라는 용어는

비종단 V가 항상 w에 의해, 일어나는 문맥과는 상관 없이, 대치될

수 있다는 사실을 표현한다. 형식 언어(formal language)를 산출하는

문맥-자유 문법이 있다면, 형식언어는 문맥-자유이다.

In linguistics and computer science, a context-free grammar

(CFG) is a formal grammar in which every production rule is

of the form V → w where V is a nonterminal symbol and w is

a string consisting of terminals and/or non-terminals. The

term "context-free" 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the fact that the non-terminal

V can always be replaced by w, regardless of the context in

which it occurs. A formal language is context-free if there

is a context-free grammar that generates it.

문맥 자유 문법은 대부분의 프로그래밍 언어(programming language)의

문장론(syntax)을 기술하기에 충분할 만큼 강력하다; 사실, 대부분의

프로그래밍 언어의 문장론은 문맥 자유 문법을 사용하는 것으로

특징지워진다. 다른 한편으로, 문맥자유문법은 효과적인 파싱 알고리즘

(parsing algorithm)의 구성을 허락할 만큼 단순하다. 파싱알고리즘은,

given string의 경우, 문법으로부터 발생되는 것인지 그리고 어떻게

발생되는지를 결정한다. Earley parser는 그러한 알고리즘의 한 사례인

반면 LR과 LL parsers는 단지 문맥자유문법의 보다 제한적인 하위세트만을

다룬다.

Context-free grammars are powerful enough to describe the syntax of

most programming languages; in fact, the syntax of most programming

languages is specified using context-free grammars. On the other hand,

context-free grammars are simple enough to allow the construction of

efficient parsing algorithms which, for a given string, determine whether

and how it can be generated from the grammar. An Earley parser is an example

of such an algorithm, while LR and LL parsers only deal with more

restrictive subsets of context-free grammars.

BNF (Backus-Naur Form)는 문맥자유문법을 표현하기 위해 사용되는 가장

일반적인 표시법이다.

BNF (Backus-Naur Form) is the most common notation used to express

context-free grammars.

결코 모든 형식적 언어가 문맥 자유는 아니다 - 훨씬 잘 알려진

반례(counterexample)는 {aⁿbⁿcⁿ: n ≥ 0} 이며, 몇 개의 a를 포함한

string 세트로 동일한 수의 b와 동일한 수의 c를 뒤따르게 된다.

Not all formal languages are context-free — a well-known counterexample

is {aⁿbⁿcⁿ: n ≥ 0}, the set of strings containing some number of a's,

followed by the same number of b's and the same number of c's.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar

http://cafe.naver.com/kinder67.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=1748&

고대 그리스 시대 이후로 언어는 명사와 동사, 주격과 목적격, 또는 현재와 과거시제와 같은 문법적

범주를 따라 조직되는 경향이 있다고 이해되어졌다. 언어의 어휘와 문법은 이러한 기초적인 범주

범위에서 조직된다.

It has been understood since the time of the ancient Greeks that languages tend to be organized

around grammatical categories such as noun and verb, nominative and accusative, or present and past.

The vocabulary and grammar of a language are organized around these fundamental categories.

분리된 범주의 본질적인 사용과 더불어, 언어는 되풀이되는 구조속에 요소들을 조직하는 중요한 특성을 갖고 있다;

이것은, 예를 들어, 명사구가 특정한 다른 명사구를 포함하는 것 (예: 침팬지의 입술), 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한 절이 한 절(나는

비가 내린다고 생각한다)을 포함하도록 허락한다. 문법에 있어 반복(recursion)이 암묵적으로 보다 더 용이한 것으로

인정되기는 했지만, 언어의 이런 국면의 중요성은 1957년 Noam Chomsky의 책<>이 출판되고 난

후에야 비로소 완전히 인식되었다. 이 책은 영어 틀의 형식적 문법을 소개했다. 이 책에 앞서, 언어학적 체계의 가장

상세한 기술은 음성학적 혹은 형태학적 체계에 관한 것으로, 막히고 창조성을 거의 인정하지 않는 경향이 있다.

In addition to making substantial use of discrete categories, language has the important property that

it organizes elements into recursive structures; this allows, for example, a noun phrase to contain

another noun phrase (as in the chimpanzee's lips) or a clause to contain a clause (as in I think that

it's raining). Though recursion in grammar was implicitly recognized much earlier (for example by Jespersen),

the importance of this aspect of language was only fully realized after the 1957 publication of Noam Chomsky's

book Syntactic Structures, which presented a formal grammar of a fragment of English. Prior to this, the most

detailed descriptions of linguistic systems were of phonological or morphological systems, which tend to be

closed and admit little creativity.

Chomsky는 변형(transformation)으로 인해 확장된(augmented) 문맥 자유 문법(context-free grammar)을 사용했다.

그 이후에, 문맥 자유 문법은 다양한 언어의 본질적 틀로 쓰여졌는데(예를 들어 GPSG¹, 영어), 그러나 인간 언어가,

맥락 자유 문법에 의해 충분히 다루어질 수 없는, 통합 의존 문법(cross-serial dependency)을 포함하고 있다는 것이

증명되었다. 이것은 힘, 예를 들어 변형(transformation)을 요구한다.

Chomsky used a context-free grammar augmented with transformations. Since then, context-free grammars have been

written for substantial fragments of various languages (for example GPSG, for English), but it has been demonstrated

that human languages include cross-serial dependencies, which cannot be handled adequately by Context-free grammars.

This requires increased power, for example transformations.

통합 의존 문법을 포함하는 자연언어절의 사례로는 네덜란드어가 있다.

An example of a natural-language clause involving a cross-serial dependency is the Dutch

Ik denk dat Jan Piet de kinderen zag helpen zwemmen

I think that Jan Piet the children saw help swim

'I think that Jan saw Piet help the children swim'

가장 중요한 점은 동사 자음결합(cluster) 앞에 명사구가 왼쪽-오른쪽 순으로 동사 자음결합내에 동사와 일치된다는 것이다.

The important point is that the noun phrases before the verb cluster (Jan, Piet, de kinderen) are identified with

the verbs in the verb cluster (zag, helpen, zwemmen) in left-right order.

이것은 자연언어(natural language)가 생성력 있는 능력을 위해 상대적으로 힘을 지녀야만 한다는 뜻이다. 최근에 사용되는

문법 모델들은 상당히 강력한데, 일반적으로 원칙에 있어 컴퓨터상으로 다루기 쉬울 만큼 너무나 강력하다. 이러한 모델들의

실행은 비율에 따라 감소된다.

This means that natural language formalisms must be relatively powerful in terms of generative capacity. The models

currently used (LFG, HPSG, Minimalism) are very powerful, in general too powerful to be computationally tractable in

principle. Implementations of them are scaled down.

¹ Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_communication

http://cafe.naver.com/kinder67.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=1748&

어휘 기능 문법(LFG)은 다양한 생성문법(generative grammar)인, 언어학linguistics

에서 이론적 틀을 일컫는다.

이 이론의 발달은 1970년대 Joan Bresnan과 Ronald Kaplan에 의해 창시된 것으로,

이는 취해지기 시작했던 변형문법(transformational grammar) 영역에서의 지시 조사에

대한 반응에서 출발하였다. 형태론(morphology)과 의미론(semantics)과의 관련을 포함하여,

어휘기능문법은 단지 통사론(구문론syntax)에만 초점을 두고 있다. 음운론(phonology)에

대한 어휘 기능 문법 작업은 거의 없었다 (비록 최적이론(optimality theory)에서 나온

아이디어가 최근에 어휘 기능 문법 연구에서 유명하게 되었더라도 말이다).

(Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a theoretical framework in 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a variety of generative grammar. The development of the theory was initiat

ed by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan in the 1970s, in reaction to the dire

ction research in the area of transformational grammar had begun to take.

It mainly focuses on syntax, including its relation with morphology and se

mantics. There has been little LFG work on phonology (although ideas from

Optimality Theory have recently been popular in LFG research).)

어휘기능문법은 언어(language)를 관계의 다중 차원으로 형성되는 것으로 보고 있다.

각각의 이런 차원들은 독자적인 규칙, 개념 및 형태를 갖춘 제한적 구조로 드러나게 된다.

어휘 기능 문법 조사에서 두드러진 일차적 차원에는:

● 문법 기능의 표시(f-structure)

● 구문 구성성(syntactic constituent)의 구조 (c-structure)

LFG views language as being made up of multiple dimensions of relations.

Each of these dimensions is represented as a distinct structure with its

own rules, concepts, and form. The primary ones that have figured in LFG research are:

● the representation of grammatical functions (f-structure). See feature structure.

● the structure of syntactic constituents (c-structure).

예를 들어 The Old woman eats the falafel이란 문장에서, c-구조 분석은 이것이 두 부분으로

즉 명사구와 동사구로 형성된 문장이라고 보고 있다. 동사구는 자체적으로 동사와 또 다른

명사구의 두 조각으로 꾸며져 있다. 명사구는 또한 부분으로 분석된다. 결국, 구조의 기초는

구성된 문자에서 나온 단어들인 것이다. f-구조 분석은, 다른 한편으로, 문장을 기본 단위로

구성된 것으로 취급한다; 주어, 술어(predicate), 시제(tense)와 목적어(object).

For example, in the sentence The old woman eats the falafel, the c-structure analysis

is that this is a sentence which is made up of two pieces, a noun phrase (NP) and a

verb phrase (VP). The VP is itself made up of two pieces, a verb (V) and another NP.

The NPs are also analyzed into their parts. Finally, the bottom of the structure is

the words out of which the sentence is constructed. The f-structure analysis, on the

other hand, treats the sentence as being composed of functional units: a subject,

a predicate, a tense, and an object.

어휘 기능 분법 작업에서 가정되는 다른 구조가 있는데, 이런 구조들이 현저하게 덜 두드러지는

경향이 있더라도 말이다.

● 논항 구조(argument structure) (a-structure)

● 의미 구조(semantic structure) (s-structure)

● 정보 구조 (information structure) (i-structure)

● 형태론적 구조(morphological structure) (m-structure)

● 음운론적 구조(phonological structure) (p-struecture)

There are other structures which are hypothesized in LFG work, although these tend to

figure less prominently:

● argument structure (a-structure)

● semantic structure (s-structure)

● information structure (i-structure)

● morphological structure (m-structure)

● phonological structure (p-structure)

다양한 구조들은 상호적으로 강요하는 것(mutually constraining)이라 이야기될 수 있다.

The various structures can be said to be mutually constraining.

언어의 어휘 기능 문법 개념화는 Chomsky 이론과는 구별된다. Chomsky 이론들은 항상 변형을

거쳐 각각 서로 지도화되고 있는 구성적 구조 표출에 대한 서로 다른 수준을 포함하고 있었다.

어휘 기능 문법 접근은 비형상언어(nonconfiguarational language)와 특별한 성공을 이루었으며,

비형상언어에서는 구조와 기능 사이의 관계가 영어와 같은 언어에서 보다 훨씬 덜 직접적이라고

말한다; 이런 이유로 해서 어휘 기능 문법 지지자들은 이를 언어의 보다 용납될 만한 보편적

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모델이라고 간주한다.

The LFG conception of language differs from Chomskian theories, which have always involved

separate levels of constituent structure representation being mapped onto each other via

transformations. The LFG approach has had particular success with nonconfigurational languages,

languages in which the relation between structure and function is less direct than it is in

languages like English; for this reason LFG's adherents consider it a more plausible universal

model of language.

어휘 기능 문법의 또 다른 특징은, 수동태화(passivization) 같은 문법-기능 변화 조작들이 어휘적인

것으로 이야기된다. 이것은 능동-수동 관계가, 예를 들어, 두 유형의 문장이라기보다는 두 유형의

동사사이의 관계라는 말이다. 능동 및 수동 동사들은 사전(lexicon)에 모두 목록화되어 있고, 문법

기능에 대한 참여자들의 대안적 매핑(mapping)에 관여한다.

Another feature of LFG is that grammatical-function changing operations like passivization are

said to be lexical. This means that the active-passive relation, for example, is a relation between

two types of verbs rather than two types of sentences. Active and passive verbs are both listed in

the lexicon, and involve alternative mapping of the participants to grammatical functions.

구조 및 기능의 분리와 사전에서의 생산적 과정 정립(positing)을 통해, 어휘 기능 문법은 구문

구조(syntactic structure)로 정의된 변형 사용 없이 구문 패턴을 고려할 수 있다. 예를 들어,

What did you see? 같은 문장에서, what은 see의 객체로 이해되며, 변형 문법은 "심층구조(deep

structure)"에서 what을 see 뒤에 넣고 나서, 이를 옮긴다. 어휘 기능 문법은 what을 두 가지

기능을 가진 것으로 분석한다: 질문-초점과 객체. 어휘 기능 문법은 영어에서 질문초점 기능과

연합된 위치를 차지하고, 언어 제약들은 어휘 기능 문법이 마찬가지로 객체 기능을 취하도록 한다.

Through the positing of productive processes in the lexicon and the separation of structure

and function, LFG is able to account for syntactic patterns without the use of transformations

defined over syntactic structure. For example, in a sentence like What did you see?, where what

is understood as the object of see, transformational grammar puts what after see (the usual

position for objects) in "deep structure" , and then moves it. LFG analyzes what as having

two functions: question-focus and object. It occupies the position associated in English with

the question-focus function, and the constraints of the language allow it to take on the object

function as well.

어휘 기능 문법 조사에서 중심적 목표는 언어학자에게 호소하는 깊이 있는 문법 모델을 만들어 내는

것이며, 동시에 그 모델은 효과적으로 구문분석할 수 있고(parseable) 컴퓨터 언어학자들이 요구하는

형식주의(formalisam)의 강도를 갖춘 모델을 말한다.

A central goal in LFG research is to create a model of grammar with a depth which appeals to

linguists while at the same time being efficiently parseable and having the rigidity of formalism

which computational linguists require.

See also

HPSG

Tree adjoining grammar

External links

Lexical Functional Grammar Home \0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0Page

Proceedings of the annual LFG conference

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_functional_grammar"

Categories: Generative linguistics | Grammar frameworks