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어휘 기능 문법(LFG)은 다양한 생성문법(generative grammar)인, 언어학linguistics

에서 이론적 틀을 일컫는다.

이 이론의 발달은 1970년대 Joan Bresnan과 Ronald Kaplan에 의해 창시된 것으로,

이는 취해지기 시작했던 변형문법(transformational grammar) 영역에서의 지시 조사에

대한 반응에서 출발하였다. 형태론(morphology)과 의미론(semantics)과의 관련을 포함하여,

어휘기능문법은 단지 통사론(구문론syntax)에만 초점을 두고 있다. 음운론(phonology)에

대한 어휘 기능 문법 작업은 거의 없었다 (비록 최적이론(optimality theory)에서 나온

아이디어가 최근에 어휘 기능 문법 연구에서 유명하게 되었더라도 말이다).

(Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a theoretical framework in 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a variety of generative grammar. The development of the theory was initiat

ed by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan in the 1970s, in reaction to the dire

ction research in the area of transformational grammar had begun to take.

It mainly focuses on syntax, including its relation with morphology and se

mantics. There has been little LFG work on phonology (although ideas from

Optimality Theory have recently been popular in LFG research).)

어휘기능문법은 언어(language)를 관계의 다중 차원으로 형성되는 것으로 보고 있다.

각각의 이런 차원들은 독자적인 규칙, 개념 및 형태를 갖춘 제한적 구조로 드러나게 된다.

어휘 기능 문법 조사에서 두드러진 일차적 차원에는:

● 문법 기능의 표시(f-structure)

● 구문 구성성(syntactic constituent)의 구조 (c-structure)

LFG views language as being made up of multiple dimensions of relations.

Each of these dimensions is represented as a distinct structure with its

own rules, concepts, and form. The primary ones that have figured in LFG research are:

● the representation of grammatical functions (f-structure). See feature structure.

● the structure of syntactic constituents (c-structure).

예를 들어 The Old woman eats the falafel이란 문장에서, c-구조 분석은 이것이 두 부분으로

즉 명사구와 동사구로 형성된 문장이라고 보고 있다. 동사구는 자체적으로 동사와 또 다른

명사구의 두 조각으로 꾸며져 있다. 명사구는 또한 부분으로 분석된다. 결국, 구조의 기초는

구성된 문자에서 나온 단어들인 것이다. f-구조 분석은, 다른 한편으로, 문장을 기본 단위로

구성된 것으로 취급한다; 주어, 술어(predicate), 시제(tense)와 목적어(object).

For example, in the sentence The old woman eats the falafel, the c-structure analysis

is that this is a sentence which is made up of two pieces, a noun phrase (NP) and a

verb phrase (VP). The VP is itself made up of two pieces, a verb (V) and another NP.

The NPs are also analyzed into their parts. Finally, the bottom of the structure is

the words out of which the sentence is constructed. The f-structure analysis, on the

other hand, treats the sentence as being composed of functional units: a subject,

a predicate, a tense, and an object.

어휘 기능 분법 작업에서 가정되는 다른 구조가 있는데, 이런 구조들이 현저하게 덜 두드러지는

경향이 있더라도 말이다.

● 논항 구조(argument structure) (a-structure)

● 의미 구조(semantic structure) (s-structure)

● 정보 구조 (information structure) (i-structure)

● 형태론적 구조(morphological structure) (m-structure)

● 음운론적 구조(phonological structure) (p-struecture)

There are other structures which are hypothesized in LFG work, although these tend to

figure less prominently:

● argument structure (a-structure)

● semantic structure (s-structure)

● information structure (i-structure)

● morphological structure (m-structure)

● phonological structure (p-structure)

다양한 구조들은 상호적으로 강요하는 것(mutually constraining)이라 이야기될 수 있다.

The various structures can be said to be mutually constraining.

언어의 어휘 기능 문법 개념화는 Chomsky 이론과는 구별된다. Chomsky 이론들은 항상 변형을

거쳐 각각 서로 지도화되고 있는 구성적 구조 표출에 대한 서로 다른 수준을 포함하고 있었다.

어휘 기능 문법 접근은 비형상언어(nonconfiguarational language)와 특별한 성공을 이루었으며,

비형상언어에서는 구조와 기능 사이의 관계가 영어와 같은 언어에서 보다 훨씬 덜 직접적이라고

말한다; 이런 이유로 해서 어휘 기능 문법 지지자들은 이를 언어의 보다 용납될 만한 보편적

\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0

모델이라고 간주한다.

The LFG conception of language differs from Chomskian theories, which have always involved

separate levels of constituent structure representation being mapped onto each other via

transformations. The LFG approach has had particular success with nonconfigurational languages,

languages in which the relation between structure and function is less direct than it is in

languages like English; for this reason LFG's adherents consider it a more plausible universal

model of language.

어휘 기능 문법의 또 다른 특징은, 수동태화(passivization) 같은 문법-기능 변화 조작들이 어휘적인

것으로 이야기된다. 이것은 능동-수동 관계가, 예를 들어, 두 유형의 문장이라기보다는 두 유형의

동사사이의 관계라는 말이다. 능동 및 수동 동사들은 사전(lexicon)에 모두 목록화되어 있고, 문법

기능에 대한 참여자들의 대안적 매핑(mapping)에 관여한다.

Another feature of LFG is that grammatical-function changing operations like passivization are

said to be lexical. This means that the active-passive relation, for example, is a relation between

two types of verbs rather than two types of sentences. Active and passive verbs are both listed in

the lexicon, and involve alternative mapping of the participants to grammatical functions.

구조 및 기능의 분리와 사전에서의 생산적 과정 정립(positing)을 통해, 어휘 기능 문법은 구문

구조(syntactic structure)로 정의된 변형 사용 없이 구문 패턴을 고려할 수 있다. 예를 들어,

What did you see? 같은 문장에서, what은 see의 객체로 이해되며, 변형 문법은 "심층구조(deep

structure)"에서 what을 see 뒤에 넣고 나서, 이를 옮긴다. 어휘 기능 문법은 what을 두 가지

기능을 가진 것으로 분석한다: 질문-초점과 객체. 어휘 기능 문법은 영어에서 질문초점 기능과

연합된 위치를 차지하고, 언어 제약들은 어휘 기능 문법이 마찬가지로 객체 기능을 취하도록 한다.

Through the positing of productive processes in the lexicon and the separation of structure

and function, LFG is able to account for syntactic patterns without the use of transformations

defined over syntactic structure. For example, in a sentence like What did you see?, where what

is understood as the object of see, transformational grammar puts what after see (the usual

position for objects) in "deep structure" , and then moves it. LFG analyzes what as having

two functions: question-focus and object. It occupies the position associated in English with

the question-focus function, and the constraints of the language allow it to take on the object

function as well.

어휘 기능 문법 조사에서 중심적 목표는 언어학자에게 호소하는 깊이 있는 문법 모델을 만들어 내는

것이며, 동시에 그 모델은 효과적으로 구문분석할 수 있고(parseable) 컴퓨터 언어학자들이 요구하는

형식주의(formalisam)의 강도를 갖춘 모델을 말한다.

A central goal in LFG research is to create a model of grammar with a depth which appeals to

linguists while at the same time being efficiently parseable and having the rigidity of formalism

which computational linguists require.

Lee, Kyungmin'sPersonal Blog

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